GenAI Era Research 2024–2026 | Togno AI Governance

Why This Research Matters

Long & Magerko (2020) was published before ChatGPT (Nov 2022). The AI education landscape has fundamentally changed. These 6 papers reflect current generative AI realities.

2020 Context	2024–2026 Reality
Rule-based AI, simple chatbots	LLMs, generative AI, agents
AI literacy = understanding what AI is	AI literacy = critical evaluation of AI outputs
Ethics = future concern	Ethics = immediate necessity (deepfakes, cheating, bias)
Teacher PD = optional	Teacher PD = urgent (78% lack preparation)
Assessment = knowledge recall	Assessment = scenario-based, GenAI-resistant

6 Core Papers (2024–2026)

Paper 1 of 6 — arXiv, March 2025

AI Literacy in K-12 and Higher Education in the Wake of Generative AI: An Integrative Review

Gu, X. & Ericson, K. | arXiv:2503.00079 | Peer-reviewed August 2025

Source	URL	Status
arXiv	arxiv.org/abs/2503.00079	✓ Verified
ResearchGate	ResearchGate	✓ Verified
PDF Direct	arxiv.org/pdf/2503.00079.pdf	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

First major review post-ChatGPT (analyzes 2022–2025 literature)
Updated AI literacy definition: prompt engineering, hallucination detection, ethical disclosure, human-AI collaboration
73% of K-12 AI curricula pre-date generative AI (outdated)
Grade-band findings: Elementary (ethics/awareness) → Middle (evaluation/prompt design) → High (application/careers)

AIP Application:

Quiz updates: Add GenAI questions (hallucination detection, prompt design)
Curriculum revision: K-12 grade bands now include GenAI specifics
Teacher PD: Level 2 now requires GenAI module (4 hours)

Paper 2 of 6 — ScienceDirect, May 2025

Fostering Responsible AI Literacy: A Systematic Review of K-12 AI Ethics Education

Multiple authors (68 publications analyzed) | Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2025

Source	URL	Status
ScienceDirect	ScienceDirect	✓ Verified
Open Access (DOI)	doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100162	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

68 peer-reviewed publications analyzed (2014–2025)
4 ethics themes: Fairness & bias | Privacy & data rights | Transparency | Accountability
Effective pedagogies: Case-based learning, role-playing, design projects, debate
Only 12% of K-12 AI ethics curricula address generative AI specifically

AIP Application:

Incident Response Protocol: Updated with 2024–2025 case studies
Student Curriculum: Ethics module now includes GenAI dilemmas
Assessment questions: 10 new ethics scenarios (2025 context)

Paper 3 of 6 — MDPI Computers, January 2026

Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education: A Systematic Review of Teachers' Professional Development Needs for AI Integration

Ning, Y.; Zhang, C.; Xu, B.; Zhou, Y.; Wijaya, T.T. | MDPI Computers, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 49

Source	URL	Status
MDPI Open Access	mdpi.com/2073-431X/15/1/49	✓ Verified
PDF Direct	PDF	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

AI-TPACK framework (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge for AI)
5 PD competency areas: AI knowledge | AI pedagogy | AI ethics | AI assessment | AI collaboration
Critical finding: One-time PD = 0% classroom impact after 6 months
Effective PD: PLCs + micro-credentials + coaching (sustained, not one-off)

AIP Application:

PD Micro-Credentials: Validated — research supports stackable credential model
PLC Protocols: Enhanced with AI-TPACK reflection prompts
Coaching Rubrics: Updated to 5 competency areas

Paper 4 of 6 — Frontiers in Education, August 2025

Generative AI Use in K-12 Education: A Systematic Review

Multiple authors (100+ studies analyzed) | Frontiers in Education, 2025

Source	URL	Status
Frontiers (Full)	Frontiers in Education	✓ Verified
PDF	PDF	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

100+ empirical studies (2022–2025, post-ChatGPT)
Evidence-based GenAI use cases: writing feedback (formative only), math hints, research assistance, SPED accommodations, teacher planning
Risk factors: over-reliance/skill atrophy | academic integrity violations | equity gaps | hallucination acceptance
Best practices: AI disclosure required | human-in-the-loop | critical evaluation | equity monitoring

AIP Application:

Vendor Matrix: GenAI-specific criteria added (hallucination rate, disclosure features)
Parent Toolkit: GenAI FAQs (what parents need to know, 2025)
Incident Protocol: GenAI-specific incidents (essay generation, code completion)

Paper 5 of 6 — MDPI Systems, June 2025

Auditing AI Literacy Competency in K–12 Education: The Role of Awareness, Ethics, Evaluation, and Use in Human–Machine Cooperation

Multiple authors | MDPI Systems, Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 490

Source	URL	Status
MDPI Open Access	mdpi.com/2079-8954/13/6/490	✓ Verified
PDF Direct	PDF	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

4-dimensional audit framework: Awareness | Ethics | Evaluation | Use
Audit methods: performance-based, scenario-based, longitudinal, multi-stakeholder
Validated with 5,000+ students across 50 schools

AIP Application:

Assessments: All 50 questions now map to 4 audit dimensions
Dashboard: Audit metrics added (awareness, ethics, evaluation, use)
Certification: 50-point rubric now includes 4-dimension audit

Paper 6 of 6 — AI Magazine (Wiley), July 2025

AI Literacy as a Core Component of AI Education

Tadimalla, et al. | AI Magazine, Wiley, 2025

Source	URL	Status
Wiley / AI Magazine	Wiley Online Library	✓ Verified
ResearchGate	ResearchGate	✓ Verified

Key Contributions

"AI Literacy for All" framework: K-12 → Higher Ed → Workforce → Civic
Core argument: AI literacy is foundational — not optional (like reading, math)
Policy recommendation: Mandatory AI literacy in all K-12 curricula
Assessment model: Competency-based (not seat-time)

AIP Application: